The current application and future prospects of non ⁃ invasive neuromodulation techniques in brain functional diseases

Abstract

Non⁃invasive neuromodulation techniques have achieved remarkable advancements in the field of neuroscience in recent years, emerging as a crucial tool for researching and treating numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. The primary methods of non⁃invasive neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have increasingly been incorporated into clinical practice and demonstrated impressive outcomes in depression, anxiety, and chronic pain. However, the application of non⁃invasive neuromodulation techniques still encounter several challenges, such as significant individual response variations, limited duration of therapeutic effects, and issues with standardizing stimulation parameters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the primary non⁃invasive neuromodulation techniques and their current applications in brain functional diseases, analyzes the efficacy evaluation and future development direction to provide reference for further exploring their expanded applications in brain functional diseases and neural functions.

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2025.02.009