Digital and artificial intelligence technologies empowering neurosurgery

Abstract

Neurosurgery is entering an era of intelligent and personalized precision. The new generation of neurosurgeons needs not only superb surgical skills, but also the ability to master computer technology, imaging technology and neuromodulation. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in neurosurgery includes machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and large language model (LLM). This article introduces specific cases in neurological tumors, spinal diseases, epilepsy and cerebrovascular diseases. Digit⁃intelligent neurosurgery focuses on the deep integration of digitalization and intelligentization in the field of neurosurgery. Digit ⁃ intelligent neurosurgery should establish a technical system of intelligent perception, intelligent cognition, intelligent decision ⁃making and intelligent operation. With the deep integration of digitalization and intelligentization, neurosurgery will usher in unprecedented technological changes.

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2025.02.001